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Física Estatística de eleições

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Multimode Control Attacks on Elections Piotr Faliszewski ,  Edith Hemaspaandra ,  Lane A. Hemaspaandra (Submitted on 11 Jul 2010) In 1992, Bartholdi, Tovey, and Trick opened the study of control attacks on elections---attempts to improve the election outcome by such actions as adding/deleting candidates or voters. That work has led to many results on how algorithms can be used to find attacks on elections and how complexity-theoretic hardness results can be used as shields against attacks. However, all the work in this line has assumed that the attacker employs just a single type of attack. In this paper, we model and study the case in which the attacker launches a multipronged (i.e., multimode) attack. We do so to more realistically capture the richness of real-life settings. For example, an attacker might simultaneously try to suppress some voters, attract new voters into the election, and introduce a spoiler candidate. Our model provides a unified framework for such varied attacks, ...

The biology dummies tutorial para barras de erros

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Error bars in experimental biology. Geoff Cumming, Fiona Fidler, David L Vaux Add to My Library ShareThis The Journal of Cell Biology (2007) Volume: 177, Issue: 1, Publisher: Rockefeller Univ Press, Pages: 7-11 PubMed ID: 17420288 Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Tags basics error bars graphing methods standard deviation standard error statistics Abstract Error bars commonly appear in figures in publications, but experimental biologists are often unsure how they should be used and interpreted. In this article we illustrate some basic features of error bars and explain how they can help communicate data and assist correct interpretation. Error bars may show confidence intervals, standard errors, standard deviations, or other quantities. Different types of error bars give quite different information, and so figure legends must make clear what error bars represent. We suggest eight simple rules to assist with effective use and interpretation of error bars. Cuidado! O autor di...

Índice Castrol da seleção brasileira

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Castrol Index Ranking - Brazil All Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards Select Team Algeria Argentina Australia Brazil Cameroon Chile Côte d'Ivoire Denmark England France Germany Ghana Greece Honduras Italy Japan Korea DPR Korea Republic Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Paraguay Portugal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Switzerland Uruguay USA Castrol Index Ranking Player Position 23 LUCIO 9.19 Defender 30 JUAN 9.07 Defender 31 MICHEL BASTOS 9.05 Defender 44 MAICON 8.85 Defender 48 GILBERTO SILVA 8.80 Midfielder 49 LUIS FABIANO 8.78 Forward 91 FELIPE MELO 8.28 Midfielder 134 ELANO 7.85 Midfielder 182 ROBINHO 7.41 Forward 200 KAKA 7.25 Midfielder 305 JULIO CESAR 6.37 Goalkeeper 369 NILMAR 5.84 Forward 370 DANI ALVES 5.83 Defender 385 JULIO BAPTISTA 5.70 Midfielder 451 JOSUE 5.10 Midfielder 495 RAMIRES 4.64 Midfielder 502 GRAFITE 4.56 Forward